tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-145354487476237762024-03-13T09:33:40.353-07:00Ryan Zimmerman PhotographyMountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-86709567328105717422015-05-04T22:13:00.001-07:002015-05-05T17:45:29.357-07:00How Does a Digital Camera Work?<h3>
<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">From Rear Element to Hard Drive: Counting Photons
</span></b></h3>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPAdner8HjQXtIIrvn7S47hn0K9c7cfWXbO5JlvaJP0OhWl97V1mFzz0d_4CJL0kgHMHLU5Cx2ZAOLigsNtpktVBpJwil5wSv9VSSXpelpAh1IvR4pq9ZVrhidBF1jfDjNVf06rL_sag/s1600/D7K_0999+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPAdner8HjQXtIIrvn7S47hn0K9c7cfWXbO5JlvaJP0OhWl97V1mFzz0d_4CJL0kgHMHLU5Cx2ZAOLigsNtpktVBpJwil5wSv9VSSXpelpAh1IvR4pq9ZVrhidBF1jfDjNVf06rL_sag/s1600/D7K_0999+(1).jpg" width="566" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">5mp CMOS Webcam imaging sensor with IR filter removed. This image is just over 67 micrometers wide. </td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_wo0EvunZtj3x9ujrlIg9iX_qwObe9-ejm3p3ELvos3vQyCO4Jlx1SPnpEkWb7Y3ePONG8zaAmuuLrgXJXCI2wONLd7iK6wlV00Qh_S9t70OczPr2op0mrAZV9Yfl932Ai2VjIHIrpw/s1600/D7K_1017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_wo0EvunZtj3x9ujrlIg9iX_qwObe9-ejm3p3ELvos3vQyCO4Jlx1SPnpEkWb7Y3ePONG8zaAmuuLrgXJXCI2wONLd7iK6wlV00Qh_S9t70OczPr2op0mrAZV9Yfl932Ai2VjIHIrpw/s1600/D7K_1017.jpg" width="205" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My setup for the above photo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Photography comes from the Greek words ϕοτοσ and γραοσ, literally translating to "light writing." That is the core concept behind all photography, and from that perspective, digital photography is no different from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" target="_blank">daguerrotypes</a> produced in the 1840's. However, the digital camera sensor is the first photosensitive device that counts photons not as semipermanent physical alterations to a substance, but as electrical charges in silicon.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #df7800;">The Beginning</span></h3>
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The first digital imaging device was the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), invented at Bell labs by Willard Boyle and George E. Smith. The first successful images were produced around 1971, but it was four years until Steven Sasson at Kodak invented the first digital camera which took 23 seconds to record its black-and white images onto a cassette tape.<br />
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In 1991 Kodak released the first consumer digital camera, the Kodak DCS 100, by modifying a Nikon F3 to house a digital sensor instead of film. DCS stood for Digital Camera System, because the modified F3 required a large Digital Storage Unit in order to work, which was about the size and shape of a car radio.<br />
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A separate imaging technology, called the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, was developed in 1993 by Eric Fossum at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. CMOS sensors are more complicated than CCD sensors and initially had issues with noise performance and 'fill factor' (the percentage of each pixel that is sensitive to light) so adoption was much slower. However, the manufacturing, temperature, and ISO performance advantages of CMOS sensors eventually won, and CMOS is now the most common technology in digital cameras of all shapes and sizes.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #df7800;">How It Works</span></h3>
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At a basic level, both CCD and CMOS sensors use the same magic trick to create measurable electric current from the stream of incoming photons. The crystalline structure of silicon is made up of silicon atoms arranged so that each silicon atom shares two electrons with each of its neighbors. However, impurities can be introduced into silicon through a process called doping, which results in areas with a slightly disproportionate number of electrons: N-type with more electrons, and P-type with fewer.<br />
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When this P-N junction is disturbed by an incoming photon, an electron-hole pair is formed that is drawn towards the depletion region in the center of the junction. The movement of the electron-hole pair is an electrical current, known as a drift current. The strength of this drift current is proportional to the number of photons striking the silicon junction so it is what we measure to determine the intensity of light at that pixel location. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnz-pQGnkyLeIX4d5dTyeq494FO9ez_vqQ1ZjqsTAF1SI0TTrI5k2c-MG5oAVMaqWqINhILZ_Fbx2KM35Lr4xn0YAc2S0irGBV8EzcXwqELVEAbms30o-Pw6HxPZZjlkUVNcV7_fRQlg/s1600/text5326.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" id="diagram" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnz-pQGnkyLeIX4d5dTyeq494FO9ez_vqQ1ZjqsTAF1SI0TTrI5k2c-MG5oAVMaqWqINhILZ_Fbx2KM35Lr4xn0YAc2S0irGBV8EzcXwqELVEAbms30o-Pw6HxPZZjlkUVNcV7_fRQlg/s1600/text5326.png" width="570" /></a></div>
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After a drift current is created in the silicone, it must be converted to a digital signal so that it can be saved to the camera's memory, processed (even a raw .NEF file—Nikon Electronic Format—gets processed, optionally compressed, and combined with other non-pixel data) then written to the SD or CompactFlash storage. The way this analog to digital conversion takes place is the difference between CCD and CMOS sensors. <br />
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The CCD sensor works like a bucket brigade at a fire; when photons create a charge in the silicon P-N junction, that charge is passed down the line of pixels through the silicone to be amplified and recorded at the end of each pixel row. This bucket-brigade design means that each individual pixel is very simple and 100% light-sensitive by area.<br />
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A CMOS sensor, on the other hand, has conversion and amplification circuits on every pixel. This increases readout and processing speed and reduces overall power consumption, but does have some downsides: the increased complexity blocks some light, increases heat, and increases electrical noise. This is why a CMOS Nikon DSLR will show hot pixels at exposures longer than 30 seconds, but <a href="http://bulbexposures.com/home/2013/4/23/1-hour-exposure-with-the-phase-one-iq-260.html" target="_blank">ccd cameras can expose for an hour</a> without having similar severe noise or heat issues.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="color: #df7800;">But What About Color?</span></h3>
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P-N silicone junctions can only determine luminance—the intensity of the incoming light—at a particular location. Therefore, color cannot be directly measured and must be interpolated. Each pixel in a digital camera is covered with a single color filter, commonly red, green, and blue but sometimes yellow or white, which allows each pixel to represent the intensity of one color in that location. By arranging different filters next to each other, it is possible to interpolate all three channels of a color at a hypothetical location in the center of the original pixels. <br />
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Color filter arrays have a long history, predating digital sensors and even color film. Some of the earliest attempts at reproducing color images used rudimentary color filters on black and white film so that the images could later be projected by three projectors with colored lenses. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7PsPE2VYsitUKhX5IWWeSdjqUx7albAu1lT6kSH82JXAoFF0wLUWa523pftlwW2SaEnnUxNzzYw3ap15JFvFxY0Ewv26wXfvAlIdJa0XjTxUjlCyxK5H-kIThBF7sqPSnhSXruBVH9A/s1600/Render+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7PsPE2VYsitUKhX5IWWeSdjqUx7albAu1lT6kSH82JXAoFF0wLUWa523pftlwW2SaEnnUxNzzYw3ap15JFvFxY0Ewv26wXfvAlIdJa0XjTxUjlCyxK5H-kIThBF7sqPSnhSXruBVH9A/s1600/Render+2.jpg" width="568" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bayer filter array, drawn and rendered in Blender. Each pixel is 4.78 micrometers wide.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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The most common color filter array used today is the Bayer filter, invented by Brice Bayer at Eastman Kodak in 1976. Bayer's filter used three colors so that the first row of pixels alternates between red and green, and the next row alternates between green and blue. Green was chosen as the duplicated pixel to more closely match the perception of the human eye—and to fit things into a convenient grid.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDM2AxJCdsVw8lLq1fiOYpO8cNeU1CW5-OrgDtmvWIbmHMWbrT3WXi7Qv4Jl3LJy7MNgpsUfr5iinaWPbbGcLgpEmtb4nslDlNlXrGSVJFOZ_pwfjBovulT5N09x1c857r36qenhbBEg/s1600/bayer-closeup.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="397" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDM2AxJCdsVw8lLq1fiOYpO8cNeU1CW5-OrgDtmvWIbmHMWbrT3WXi7Qv4Jl3LJy7MNgpsUfr5iinaWPbbGcLgpEmtb4nslDlNlXrGSVJFOZ_pwfjBovulT5N09x1c857r36qenhbBEg/s1600/bayer-closeup.png" width="245" /></a></div>
</div>
As illustrated in the image above, the color filters are capped by tiny lenses—microlenses—that increase efficiency by directing the incoming light into the photosensitive areas of each pixel. This means sensors can capture more light, but is also the reason that lenses intended for film cameras do not perform equally on a digital body: digital sensors perform best when incident light is traveling perpendicular to the plane of the sensor, which was not a concern for engineers designing optics for film cameras.<br />
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The image on the left shows a droplet of water on a red surface. The upper left corner shows the raw sensor data (multiplied linearly to a convenient brightness) and the bottom right shows the Bayer filter array pattern overlaid (for illustration purposes) on the luminance values of the sensor—red shows up brightest except on the water droplet where the colors are more balanced.<br />
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To create a smooth, colored image, the colors of each pixel must be interpolated. Interpolation is the process of extrapolating the likeliest value for a variable at an arbitrary point based on known, nearby values of that variable—if every pixel nearby is green, its most likely that an unknown pixel in the middle is green as well. Every pixel on a camera sensor is a known value: pixel one tells us how much red hit the area and pixel two tells us how much green hit the area, so we can assume that a combination of red and green light hit those two pixels in the proportion represented by their luminance values.<br />
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Interpolating accurate, sharp color is a field of extensive research, but the basic concept is fairly simple. The most basic way is to simply create a hypothetical pixel at the junction of every four pixels, and assume that each of those four pixels accurately represents the R, G, and B components of the light that hit the hypothetical pixel. Said another way, in Python:<br />
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<pre style="line-height: 125%; margin: 0;"><span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">from</span> <span style="color: #447fcf;">__future__</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">division</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">from</span> <span style="color: #447fcf;">PIL</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">Image</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #447fcf;">subprocess</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">import</span> <span style="color: #447fcf;">sys</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Use dcraw on the command line to unpack the RAW file </span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> into a format that Python Imaging Library can use</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> The "-b 30" is a brightness fudge factor, which would</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> need to be adjusted per image. </span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">subprocess.call([</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"dcraw"</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"-D"</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"-4"</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"-b"</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"30"</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #24909d;">str</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(sys.argv[</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">])])</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Create a new file </span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">filename</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">(</span><span style="color: #24909d;">str</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(sys.argv[</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">])).split(</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"."</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">)[</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">inputimage</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">Image.open(</span><span style="color: #00c707;">"%s.pgm"</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">%(filename))</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Grab the image size; create empty pixel list</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">width,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">height</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">inputimage.size</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">outputpixels</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">[]</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> For every row, iterate across the pixels:</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #24909d;">range</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">height-</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">):</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">in</span> <span style="color: #24909d;">range</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">width-</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">):</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Get the four adjacent pixels:</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> A1 A2</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> A3 A4</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">A1</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">inputimage.getpixel((<span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">))</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">A2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">inputimage.getpixel((<span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">+</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">))</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">A3</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">inputimage.getpixel((<span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">+</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">))</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">A4</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">inputimage.getpixel((<span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">+</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">+</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">))</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> And assign the R,G,B values of a new pixel</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> to the brightness of the corresponding </span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> bayer filtered pixel</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">%2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">==</span> <span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;"></span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">%</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">==</span> <span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">:</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">R,G,B</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">A1,(A2+A3)/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,A4</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">elif</span> <span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">%2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">==</span> <span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;"></span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">%</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">==</span> <span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">:</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">R,G,B</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">A2,(A1+A4)/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,A3</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">elif</span> <span style="color: #bacb25;">x</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">%2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">==</span> <span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span> <span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">and</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;"></span><span style="color: #bacb25;">y</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">%</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">==</span> <span style="color: #3677a9;">0</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">:</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">R,G,B</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">A3,(A1+A4)/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,A2</span>
<span style="color: #df7800; font-weight: bold;">else</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">:</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">R,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">G,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">B</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">A4,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">(A2+A3)/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">2</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">A1</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Crudely convert from 16bpp to 8bpc </span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">R,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">G,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">B</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">R/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">65535</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">*</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">255</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">G/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">65535</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">*</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">255</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">B/</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">65535</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">*</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">255</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Factors to balance 5000k light</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">R,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">G,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">B</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">(R*</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1.8</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">G*.</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">97</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">B*</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1.14</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Round to intergers and stick it in the list</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">outputpixels.append((</span><span style="color: #24909d;">int</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(R),</span> <span style="color: #24909d;">int</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(G),</span> <span style="color: #24909d;">int</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">(B)))</span>
<span style="color: #999999; font-style: italic;">##</span> <span style="color: #cccccc; font-style: italic;"> Make a new image, dump the pixels in, and save.</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">outputimage</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">=</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">Image.new(</span><span style="color: #00c707;">'RGB'</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">(width-</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">,</span> <span style="color: #198a5d;">height-</span><span style="color: #3677a9;">1</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">))</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">outputimage.putdata(outputpixels)</span>
<span style="color: #198a5d;">outputimage.save(</span><span style="color: #00c707;">'debayered.tiff'</span><span style="color: #198a5d;">)</span>
</span></span></span></span></pre>
</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 0em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW0v_CQjnBnj_tR4rFV7DIQ7_A0zr73gmFkRWYMR0C-nnJIhQuyEnr3A2sdsNl37lsIMXBcrAJg77LZYmLFGkVr6LAClsJHCKBD8KxgayWx4FGvWu0A06dogb52bSElaTieL0EQk8few/s1600/bigtest.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 4em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW0v_CQjnBnj_tR4rFV7DIQ7_A0zr73gmFkRWYMR0C-nnJIhQuyEnr3A2sdsNl37lsIMXBcrAJg77LZYmLFGkVr6LAClsJHCKBD8KxgayWx4FGvWu0A06dogb52bSElaTieL0EQk8few/s1600/bigtest.png" width="271" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Unpacked greyscale data from NEF file</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 0em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrX7lA5vRxPvvOlBNeeqH8sXAXQzkLv09mfhf2bN0siblWT3CPrRIBCAYSFrOBOc2IzBw9379CISiavwWvj5tXCRTZRaCQq-B56i4Sh8wFHi4L886E_LjSikfFfTb3g4vkD6FYEAjQdA/s1600/Finally,+first+full+success+with+white+balance.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 4em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrX7lA5vRxPvvOlBNeeqH8sXAXQzkLv09mfhf2bN0siblWT3CPrRIBCAYSFrOBOc2IzBw9379CISiavwWvj5tXCRTZRaCQq-B56i4Sh8wFHi4L886E_LjSikfFfTb3g4vkD6FYEAjQdA/s1600/Finally,+first+full+success+with+white+balance.png" width="271" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Color interpolation in Python</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="overflow: auto; padding: .4em .4em; width: 100%;">
</div>
<h3>
<span style="color: #df7800;">Digital Film</span></h3>
<br />
It is not possible to hold or look at a raw digital file the same way you can look at a negative. The examples in this article come close, but still have already been 'processed' slightly by arranging the pixels into an image and brightening them for display on screen—and the screen cannot come anywhere close to displaying all the data at one brightness level. Likewise, you cannot watch the image magically appear in a chemical bath or dodge and burn by hand, but that does not mean a digital file is not undergoing processes just as complex and nuanced as those used to develop film.
<br />
<br />
These tactile experiences have been lost, but the art remains: just opening the same image in Adobe Camera RAW, Capture One, Aperture, RawTherapee (which allows users to select different interpolation algorithms!) and other RAW processing software will give different results—even before you start "editing" the picture. Photography is and will never be a simple, perfect science, and understanding the technical and mechanical nuances is and will always be imperative to writing beautifully with light.
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbnzEdkX3ZN2NSzzkLPbvqDOvcLIMirkJpbCuaaNGsKFftxu2CoQVSBILfGHGrXGPLt_GvKaa10U8qfyB4gi_P1UvnlIC4P8gEv2PP9axCFbKx6XFlo5NxULRHX_MHctlm94HquWOSxw/s1600/Bayer-Colors-with-text.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin: 1em auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbnzEdkX3ZN2NSzzkLPbvqDOvcLIMirkJpbCuaaNGsKFftxu2CoQVSBILfGHGrXGPLt_GvKaa10U8qfyB4gi_P1UvnlIC4P8gEv2PP9axCFbKx6XFlo5NxULRHX_MHctlm94HquWOSxw/s1600/Bayer-Colors-with-text.png" width="566" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Developing a RAW file: what the sensor recorded, what the filters looked like, and what Adobe interpolated.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The image above sums up the process: left is the data the camera sensor recorded, center is the Bayer filter array colors overlaid to show what the computer can assume, and right is the reconstructed, color image processed in Adobe Camera Raw on default settings.Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-60871514999085193632015-05-01T18:07:00.002-07:002015-05-01T18:07:53.029-07:00Ellie Caulkins Opera House<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt3kHu88hsnWhOYrmWLIvXdkdoSSlZczpD7-L9gcUCdFW_PBtpHzxh3NWbqGeDib9rmvSlHnHqP6YADJOtcLC2oEETHiIu2Id4BMOrhVBRd_uPLaZkjza411lZBbcPB6aGgDOZulUiUQ/s1600/DSC_7442-Edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjt3kHu88hsnWhOYrmWLIvXdkdoSSlZczpD7-L9gcUCdFW_PBtpHzxh3NWbqGeDib9rmvSlHnHqP6YADJOtcLC2oEETHiIu2Id4BMOrhVBRd_uPLaZkjza411lZBbcPB6aGgDOZulUiUQ/s1600/DSC_7442-Edit.jpg" height="379" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nikon D800 with 14-24mm f/2.8 AF-S, two exposures stacked.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-28649431200621337142015-04-08T22:18:00.000-07:002015-04-08T22:20:58.873-07:002,000 Miles in the Ambulance RV Project<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span id="goog_1306063017"></span><span id="goog_1306063018"></span></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDZxupwV0fkoGwsrDR4ikDs_yt1lem2yogFny4s0r-S8HzmhoBscdR0gdUEWCQfwSZSh68ByzornsGKz97LI-dNi2EJ5PzG8Ps4xLuf3vUWHzVt-5xXZLsUeXsagfgh3RjRunzr25lTQ/s1600/D7K_5744.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDZxupwV0fkoGwsrDR4ikDs_yt1lem2yogFny4s0r-S8HzmhoBscdR0gdUEWCQfwSZSh68ByzornsGKz97LI-dNi2EJ5PzG8Ps4xLuf3vUWHzVt-5xXZLsUeXsagfgh3RjRunzr25lTQ/s1600/D7K_5744.jpg" height="376" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">80-200mm f/2.8 AF-D @ 86mm f/5.6 1/640 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnw4JiCTbHVkPuirjvfULYSFvSIUDBNimwAiHqUNmA25q6A_RPTWQUhLM6y4Co3CX8wKxHyCmpQpDpiuQ-vO5r4nm_K6uEVL0nFIca_t7SVWjyoQS8Em5Yu-o-u5MWot31jFcn0vOcng/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-06+at+10.34.08+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnw4JiCTbHVkPuirjvfULYSFvSIUDBNimwAiHqUNmA25q6A_RPTWQUhLM6y4Co3CX8wKxHyCmpQpDpiuQ-vO5r4nm_K6uEVL0nFIca_t7SVWjyoQS8Em5Yu-o-u5MWot31jFcn0vOcng/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-06+at+10.34.08+PM.png" height="230" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of my trip according to GPS data from a few cellphone photos.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This January I was finally able to get out and stretch my new legs: I finally put my ambulance RV conversion project to the test in a longer trip. My vehicle of choice is a 1991 Ford E-350 Medtech Ambulance, purchased off ebay out of Pena, IL for $3,600. This trip pushed the odometer past 40,000 miles—hardly broken in for the 7.3l IDI International engine. I have converted the rear ambulance box to include a folding bed and other small amenities, but I spend as much time as I can traveling, camping, and photographing from the ambulance, so build progress is slow.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJvqSViTlWqZxOtCnGk0FnE5rMEYl6oYi-mN9W_c6WBznnmWh6oTcHrlF_53RJcEzoEwzWCuDKTmV4OvDj3x_x1Df4KvqBAVAuaN3roWqW0aHReyoHqEEHnbWkpaVvJwmc3-a3rZmodQ/s1600/D7K_5731-Edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJvqSViTlWqZxOtCnGk0FnE5rMEYl6oYi-mN9W_c6WBznnmWh6oTcHrlF_53RJcEzoEwzWCuDKTmV4OvDj3x_x1Df4KvqBAVAuaN3roWqW0aHReyoHqEEHnbWkpaVvJwmc3-a3rZmodQ/s1600/D7K_5731-Edit.jpg" height="260" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 55mm f/10 1/400s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Storms are fun in the ambulance; 8,000lbs of insulated steel gives plenty of confidence and fact that I don't need to leave the vehicle to transition from sleeping to driving allows me to worry little about the weather—the coldest night I spent on this trip was -8º just east of the Continental Divide. The ambulance does not yet have any heater except the engine.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHVzB6Kx1UfgNf-exeF2yob6xZlxbkNe_oMNg-GSRwfLCzFaeuA32D27R7U0t37juoEc_YwNCwLm0ByN7NOebvOUjQ_Y2kvmgJv6BxfjvkxT0YV-HaCb1ewbnKb23YFjyowqv7Nzj5VQ/s1600/D7K_5847.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHVzB6Kx1UfgNf-exeF2yob6xZlxbkNe_oMNg-GSRwfLCzFaeuA32D27R7U0t37juoEc_YwNCwLm0ByN7NOebvOUjQ_Y2kvmgJv6BxfjvkxT0YV-HaCb1ewbnKb23YFjyowqv7Nzj5VQ/s1600/D7K_5847.jpg" height="277" width="570" /></a></div>
The view across the bottom of Death Valley—the rim of
the valley is so far away that through this 200mm lens it appears
distinctly blue.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfOEN79wDHn5PGIREmyb5kPK37jZ9SIFk-SJqu-_1L810XzLClRywOpTcwZvJCruoD_S-zHtIBgULVL4CxapKIoeB8utHQHmMzou0cvUNyt03fK8c7YhcSys3g4-lZre5KadQ6_PjPA/s1600/D7K_6247.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyfOEN79wDHn5PGIREmyb5kPK37jZ9SIFk-SJqu-_1L810XzLClRywOpTcwZvJCruoD_S-zHtIBgULVL4CxapKIoeB8utHQHmMzou0cvUNyt03fK8c7YhcSys3g4-lZre5KadQ6_PjPA/s1600/D7K_6247.jpg" height="285" width="570" /></a></div>
Darwin Falls, Death Valley National Park.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPy8y3NTW5yr_tKv_uaZ3erZ6ZhBQoGoUAObHgiVKM7EbV6-637m8TZcMeI7KQK5Hgb5V6-9LlBlVuTvGRpLqjpN25rY8CGHO7lUeJfsaMvTnR6pjvC5PMQ2H4to1T2Draum4Bt4xI0g/s1600/D7K_6232-Edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPy8y3NTW5yr_tKv_uaZ3erZ6ZhBQoGoUAObHgiVKM7EbV6-637m8TZcMeI7KQK5Hgb5V6-9LlBlVuTvGRpLqjpN25rY8CGHO7lUeJfsaMvTnR6pjvC5PMQ2H4to1T2Draum4Bt4xI0g/s1600/D7K_6232-Edit.jpg" height="375" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 17mm f/18 1s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdX_whoOUPg088r2-_irOGcY2khFuIq1EW2v0Ot_ke5XnXQJPDproPQF8lUv0aMtW4zztmVUy8u2svZaemcEmS2Vkfh5gA_BC6aHAG2tZhZFeylcU3dbecF6-mPJx4sWButTxNRhMcg/s1600/D7K_5880-Edit-Edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjdX_whoOUPg088r2-_irOGcY2khFuIq1EW2v0Ot_ke5XnXQJPDproPQF8lUv0aMtW4zztmVUy8u2svZaemcEmS2Vkfh5gA_BC6aHAG2tZhZFeylcU3dbecF6-mPJx4sWButTxNRhMcg/s1600/D7K_5880-Edit-Edit.jpg" height="286" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 17mm f/5 1/1000s ISO 100; three-shot panorama</td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi641b4dAgd25Xt8FW1zmEKvTik7qIpqVggrC58C7ePlug5Iam8ZJAdZiH0R3zuYhriiyqvYEaGAMGdGIRkma_07QJczQhBIY2dRxWv5FKZBcU1ZsHp1AsO2G2AJZ8vX9gGyxuhnr0DQw/s1600/Portrait-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi641b4dAgd25Xt8FW1zmEKvTik7qIpqVggrC58C7ePlug5Iam8ZJAdZiH0R3zuYhriiyqvYEaGAMGdGIRkma_07QJczQhBIY2dRxWv5FKZBcU1ZsHp1AsO2G2AJZ8vX9gGyxuhnr0DQw/s1600/Portrait-6.jpg" height="352" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 17mm f/4 1/1600 ISO 100 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AQKY4xD6Wlv__uD4fiv0xiUoNaRhNrgUQY-i7rTjp53oD-rFJwSa1ICHBBogBmJ5dswneGFqjl19dcbxIIzUF6E2wZb52U_ntdYKJTLi7Zczm-6XVS_hsFkbFJ8rDWKg69NkMN8fdw/s1600/D7K_5739-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AQKY4xD6Wlv__uD4fiv0xiUoNaRhNrgUQY-i7rTjp53oD-rFJwSa1ICHBBogBmJ5dswneGFqjl19dcbxIIzUF6E2wZb52U_ntdYKJTLi7Zczm-6XVS_hsFkbFJ8rDWKg69NkMN8fdw/s1600/D7K_5739-2.jpg" height="377" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">80-200mm f/2.8 AF-D @ 100mm f/8 1/1000 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMiA5rr6gZGugz0d-9KSejRIJyE0eo4QRCfbdatarMAKuH5XGOpJbtN6hyR6LJHsD7mKJNBSGb1fXlAaKqKS-fBqhIO0iXuXyj9X-_VvQi1L66ld9Imn8dvicivw82QLeyhNf6bgsAbA/s1600/D7K_5736.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMiA5rr6gZGugz0d-9KSejRIJyE0eo4QRCfbdatarMAKuH5XGOpJbtN6hyR6LJHsD7mKJNBSGb1fXlAaKqKS-fBqhIO0iXuXyj9X-_VvQi1L66ld9Imn8dvicivw82QLeyhNf6bgsAbA/s1600/D7K_5736.jpg" height="869" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 35mm f/9 1/320 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1OiZAHsAUxwZlUPr3u2-G6KgXhAUDrlycg_N1eBMBczyjkNcog9kCO7oRvsbGjiMi_gGY7p1A-AFfA_3TDSHXVWBOPz7DYZRxOwTeTxACYtYpvir60NQPna7TTxxk4PyzB1qOzsefww/s1600/D7K_5825.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1OiZAHsAUxwZlUPr3u2-G6KgXhAUDrlycg_N1eBMBczyjkNcog9kCO7oRvsbGjiMi_gGY7p1A-AFfA_3TDSHXVWBOPz7DYZRxOwTeTxACYtYpvir60NQPna7TTxxk4PyzB1qOzsefww/s1600/D7K_5825.jpg" height="399" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 17mm f/5 1/1250 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDsOaFqiryzQ6gM3UCYnnGfJUislawZz3y8uGzTFlPK3WjkwF7kOFIidG1E6x-4dj2N2R3XtjQYAJ1NDX0IoKXL0DgxDVNuxmLYv73YPGPUOY7OS5UDpxsCAmamvcNjv9fawiAmj31Q/s1600/D7K_5747-Edit-Edit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLDsOaFqiryzQ6gM3UCYnnGfJUislawZz3y8uGzTFlPK3WjkwF7kOFIidG1E6x-4dj2N2R3XtjQYAJ1NDX0IoKXL0DgxDVNuxmLYv73YPGPUOY7OS5UDpxsCAmamvcNjv9fawiAmj31Q/s1600/D7K_5747-Edit-Edit.jpg" height="139" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">80-200mm f/2.8 AF-D @ 80mm f/8 1/1250 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The ambulance against the vastness of Death Valley; it's most at home on long road trips—of which there will be many more. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXdk3BEuPhk8Asq8kaEzmNAEx_DVVYxKCzpotVY5wOpSQrP5nUQuNod2jXNNexSspccLU7RYJBl61iLWiDPdE8IjBmN0YNDlbHxpJz3mVHNBhdffDwLmFTkUate7qIzbCWhsUVVwswhA/s1600/D7K_5734-Editsmall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXdk3BEuPhk8Asq8kaEzmNAEx_DVVYxKCzpotVY5wOpSQrP5nUQuNod2jXNNexSspccLU7RYJBl61iLWiDPdE8IjBmN0YNDlbHxpJz3mVHNBhdffDwLmFTkUate7qIzbCWhsUVVwswhA/s1600/D7K_5734-Editsmall.jpg" height="338" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">17-55mm f/2.8 AF-S @ 17mm f/9 1/320 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-68466936621465423832014-04-14T02:45:00.002-07:002014-08-18T08:09:28.239-07:00Moon Photography: Stellarium, Focal Length, and Exposure Times. <div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
On Apr. 15, there will be a total lunar eclipse visible from almost the entire North American continent. The next total lunar eclipse visible from the east coast will not be until 2015, and the next total lunar eclipse visible from the entire North American continent will not be until 2019, so this is a rare opportunity to get some really unusual photographs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h4>
Here is the field of view one can expect from a few common configurations:</h4>
<br />
<div id="photos">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 0em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNQYpgeEJmiQqXf2tAww_kX44_E_oMaeVCpgZ7DT022BycnE8DkMNlAHcPnxNKXwxumy0cuRfVdNrFj1ULSLmmirhWEzchGRO9smxBcJY9Ue5EboPldqKOc7ZXJx8sa23t3lduPV2lQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.49.15+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcNQYpgeEJmiQqXf2tAww_kX44_E_oMaeVCpgZ7DT022BycnE8DkMNlAHcPnxNKXwxumy0cuRfVdNrFj1ULSLmmirhWEzchGRO9smxBcJY9Ue5EboPldqKOc7ZXJx8sa23t3lduPV2lQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.49.15+PM.png" height="172" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D800E @ 200mm with 2X TC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 0em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvoE48oW8yF_aB3JEjpxyCVnJusvWPHHfBQgQW9yoMbEj4v0Tj3OMq6iRtmVF-8g_pLqOJVmgCn3edUWETUMzzxCcKSK0NaSWmjq8ZPZwZp5XxyodyUSvUDE0UGGFMGKhTRhcb4eUh-g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.48.54+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvoE48oW8yF_aB3JEjpxyCVnJusvWPHHfBQgQW9yoMbEj4v0Tj3OMq6iRtmVF-8g_pLqOJVmgCn3edUWETUMzzxCcKSK0NaSWmjq8ZPZwZp5XxyodyUSvUDE0UGGFMGKhTRhcb4eUh-g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.48.54+PM.png" height="172" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7000 @ 200mm with 2X TC</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 0em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTWA8hEuHkLL7PRamD5jDDrrkqwZJ6paYxfYB-gUaZys9fdJiiVVAcgUejQEawIOSD8VC6AIoYuLEkfXWqNRXxTotolhQU1J9hU6cfvNDEcsW76Q9QwgdfGMfcTbn7Mh6WVcCB1mW6Ug/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.44.21+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTWA8hEuHkLL7PRamD5jDDrrkqwZJ6paYxfYB-gUaZys9fdJiiVVAcgUejQEawIOSD8VC6AIoYuLEkfXWqNRXxTotolhQU1J9hU6cfvNDEcsW76Q9QwgdfGMfcTbn7Mh6WVcCB1mW6Ug/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.44.21+PM.png" height="172" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7000 @ 200mm</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 0em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnACFyVTmj7YdJKXxo1mahkbuSuVkal5zw_Vn_QO8PZN_mzaBt53jfQj8m8LhwhgyxXq__NibTLSmibEh6n16NxY1-ERzRvBZyP9vNNfNtfnyRdwEfEQ3kG-yqMFzA5X3DM6rLxFdeA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.44.41+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 0em; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnACFyVTmj7YdJKXxo1mahkbuSuVkal5zw_Vn_QO8PZN_mzaBt53jfQj8m8LhwhgyxXq__NibTLSmibEh6n16NxY1-ERzRvBZyP9vNNfNtfnyRdwEfEQ3kG-yqMFzA5X3DM6rLxFdeA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.44.41+PM.png" height="172" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D800E @ 200mm</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 0em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVL96AzXaJ3jD0yx329KgvAyTS2vwcJ87jNXKJiFl-f9O_hHeokfNL5-4CMDlVa_LPOd5S3ziA9o7P7osxgBV_BVCTIzvUjDWssWTSwPOgtx7oeI4g6GvxKpBHdQCLe5wgvFwEd4yORw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.45.26+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 10em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVL96AzXaJ3jD0yx329KgvAyTS2vwcJ87jNXKJiFl-f9O_hHeokfNL5-4CMDlVa_LPOd5S3ziA9o7P7osxgBV_BVCTIzvUjDWssWTSwPOgtx7oeI4g6GvxKpBHdQCLe5wgvFwEd4yORw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.45.26+PM.png" height="172" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7000 @ 50mm</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 0em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDX2jIm3jRwUsyGN0C6tmqoam-I2ugajYzbpJp3eiGVTlFsCOapqAEa5k48bMAi-6BWjl9ukCcbGlHRFdp140qxPPbvMhYayv2rzr5QLz28iVh-V4kGFfliuhDXPrSH6ms_vGS7JCuAA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.45.13+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 10em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDX2jIm3jRwUsyGN0C6tmqoam-I2ugajYzbpJp3eiGVTlFsCOapqAEa5k48bMAi-6BWjl9ukCcbGlHRFdp140qxPPbvMhYayv2rzr5QLz28iVh-V4kGFfliuhDXPrSH6ms_vGS7JCuAA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.45.13+PM.png" height="172" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D800E @ 50mm</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<h4>
</h4>
<h4>
</h4>
<h3>
How to make simulations like these for any camera:</h3>
(Or skip to <a href="http://ryanzimmermanphotography.blogspot.com/2014/04/moon-photography-stellarium-focal.html#exposure" target="">exposure time section</a>)<br />
<br />
Stellarium is an open source planetarium software that is capable of simulating the sky and celestial bodies at any time as seen anywhere on earth (and from most other known planets and moons). It's a good way to know exactly when and where you should be looking based on your exact location. If you are photographing through a telescope, it also can drive many telescopes to track the moon and other celestial objects.<br />
<br />
<h3>
General Stellarium Setup</h3>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvF04CH2g0ngPuHrc02PHl9-3hGBEG6v4Z9JVK-VbWo2GPKcUlaw2Bf_qY7FtUZhyphenhyphen1S7PsqkszlwTy1KXXG5VHlQ3IOCw9sqE-PBpcv0UgjFfJNshYBGzAeCu8b_U8SMznNpfDGhUrFA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+9.19.31+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvF04CH2g0ngPuHrc02PHl9-3hGBEG6v4Z9JVK-VbWo2GPKcUlaw2Bf_qY7FtUZhyphenhyphen1S7PsqkszlwTy1KXXG5VHlQ3IOCw9sqE-PBpcv0UgjFfJNshYBGzAeCu8b_U8SMznNpfDGhUrFA/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+9.19.31+PM.png" height="200" width="320" /></a>Location selection is the top option on the leftmost menu. You can search for a city or enter precise GPS coordinates if you have them, or just click around the map. <br />
<br />
The second option on the left toolbar is the date and time, which you should set to about 1:00 on April 15th. On the right side of the bottom toolbar the fastforward, rewind, normal, and current time buttons allow you to travel back and forth in time through the entire event.<br />
<br />
Once you have the location, date, and time selected, Stellarium will be displaying a view of the night sky that allows you to zoom and pan around and click on celestial bodies for information.<br />
<br />
<h3>
Camera and Lens Simulation (Oculars plugin) </h3>
However, we're interested in simulating the view through a specific lens onto a specific camera sensor. To do that, we want to use the Oculars plugin. Oculars may be enabled automatically, but if it isn't, it can be enabled under Configuration Window > Plugins > Oculars. Be sure that the "Load at startup" option is selected.<br />
<br />
The Oculars configuration window is where you can specify a camera and lens combination. Here's an overview of the important parts of the settings panel:<br />
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<br />
<table border="1" class="tftable">
<tbody>
<tr><td>General </td><td>As far as this guide is concerned, check all three boxes on top and enable the on-screen interface.</td></tr>
<tr><td>Eyepieces</td><td>This is where eyepiece information is specified; it can be ignored for astrophotography because we are targeting a sensor as the final element.</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lenses</td><td>This is where you should specify a teleconverter, if applicable, not the lens you are using.</td></tr>
<tr><td>Sensors</td><td>This accepts information about the exact sensor you're using. Stellarium uses this sensor information to calculate crop factor and other information, but for a quick-and-dirty view, the pixel seze can be omitted (just put in 4.8). </td></tr>
<tr><td>Telescopes</td><td>This is where information about your lens goes. Diameter can be omitted (set to 80) if you just want a field of view estimate.</td></tr>
<tr><td>About</td><td>This one explains itself. That's the point.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHK_ENlb2b4BZZY9jBZEnYiFOT_LWyMFgqY9iLbMi1_DQX2fbY19RflVaP4GILFiEXgJA6ZxraCbTpCLgb6JtMgIubo7N4blv-_rShEkcNBLsyKRc0tBWqA3c9V1Mb9J1-WlTbxGX1Ug/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.45.45+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHK_ENlb2b4BZZY9jBZEnYiFOT_LWyMFgqY9iLbMi1_DQX2fbY19RflVaP4GILFiEXgJA6ZxraCbTpCLgb6JtMgIubo7N4blv-_rShEkcNBLsyKRc0tBWqA3c9V1Mb9J1-WlTbxGX1Ug/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-04-13+at+11.45.45+PM.png" height="200" width="320" /></a></div>
Now you should have four buttons in the upper right corner: telescope view, sensor view, scope view, and settings. Selecting sensor view (the rectangle) draws the red rectangle on the screen and opens up a menu where you can select the camera and lens setup you entered earlier. For example, the image on the left shows the simulated view of the setup I plan on using on the 15th.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<div id="exposure">
Exposure Time</div>
</h3>
Again, I'll offer a cheat-sheet before my derivation:<br />
<br />
Nikon D700, APS-C 16.2 mp, with no motion blur:<br />
200mm lens: 1/4s or faster<br />
400mm lens: 1/6s or faster<br />
1250mm lens: 1/20s or faster<br />
<br />
Nikon D7100, APS-C 24.1 mp, with no motion blur:<br />
200mm lens: 1/4s or faster<br />
400mm lens: 1/8s or faster<br />
1250mm lens: 1/25s or faster<br />
<br />
Nikon D800E, Full frame 36.3 mp, with no motion blur:<br />
200mm lens: 1/4s or faster<br />
400mm lens: 1/8s or faster<br />
1250mm lens: 1/25s or faster<br />
<br />
The D7100 and D800E have the same speeds because even though the D800 has more resolution, its pixels are spread out over a wider area then the D7100, and it just happens to round out roughly equal.<br />
<br />
In general astrophotography, some people use the "Rule of 600" to estimate how long of an exposure time we can use before the stars start to visibly exhibit motion blur. It states that 600 divided by the 35mm equivalent of the focal length of the lens gives the exposure time in seconds of an acceptably sharp image. For example, the 200mm lens with a 200mm teleconverter on my D7000 is 600mm equivalent, and 600 / 600 = 1, so 1 second is approximately the longest amount of time I should expose the stars. That 400mm lens on my APS-C camera has an angle of view of about 3.34° (2arctan((35)/(2*(1.5*400)))), projected onto 4,928 horizontal pixels, so each degree of view is projected over 1,475 pixels. Therefore, assuming the worst-case scenario is that the fastest stars will appear to move at 0.0042 arc minutes per second (360° over 24 hours), 1 second is 0.0042' of movement, which equals a blur of 6.1 px.<br />
<br />
The moon moves 13° more per night then the background stars, so it would have 6.3 pixels of motion blur with the same lens and one second exposure. Because the moon is the entire focus of the image, I think 6.3 px is way too much blur. To reduce the moon-motion blur to three pixels, we would need to expose for no more than 1/2 second, and to remove motion blur entirely, no more than 1/6 seconds.<br />
<br />
This means that acceptable exposure times go down drastically with the length of the lens; my 1250mm telescope will have three pixels or more of motion blur at 1/6 second, and it will have to be faster than 1/20s in order to actually freeze the moon.<br />
<br />
Keep in mind that my D7000 does not have an incredibly high resolution sensor, and to freeze motion on a higher resolution camera would require faster speeds. The D7100 has 24.1 mp across the same image sensor area, so through the 400mm lens it would require a shutter speed of 1/8 to fully freeze the moon, or 1/25 through the telescope. Achieving proper exposure with these shutter speeds isn't an issue with a brightly lit moon, but when it passes into the sun's shadow these limits may come into play.<br />
<br />
Keep in mind that taking photos at faster shutter speeds than these will not improve sharpness, (assuming that the camera is on a tripod and triggered by a remote shutter) so it's better to use these speeds with as low of an ISO as possible instead of boosting ISO to increase shutter speed.Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-85201163676116292172014-02-26T14:46:00.000-08:002014-02-26T22:21:14.746-08:00Violin<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKsbi80-oqPijuHbuSg8apnej7_3MngIz5EcJn2VNoANKnXhRPOq4PpITgbjuWHsVM61dedMVoQhwacc4sPmEdD4-21EuH5KtN6W3p6i_9RS4cdTvPm7Xr3MrSxLmit1EZ-u0u6Sbiw/s1600/D7K_9761+-+Version+4+%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJKsbi80-oqPijuHbuSg8apnej7_3MngIz5EcJn2VNoANKnXhRPOq4PpITgbjuWHsVM61dedMVoQhwacc4sPmEdD4-21EuH5KtN6W3p6i_9RS4cdTvPm7Xr3MrSxLmit1EZ-u0u6Sbiw/s1600/D7K_9761+-+Version+4+%25284%2529.jpg" height="376" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.4 @ f/4 1/60s ISO 100 with SB 800 @ 1/1 and SB 600 @ 1/125</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Lighting setup: SB 600 (top) with built-in diffuser, SB 800 (bottom) with a styrofoam cup diffuser.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdrYVILpingXx6dqvaYc-qn-92ZrNE3BAvHPd-3Xj7iFC4BWBonOLJy-DisXT3KU5RtZiBUKm-KHwnl9K-0xxpIOxrx2KQMyNURS67FjPAMnTP5jWZ9nOXFEfuZajl0kTUSO2cDrgDBQ/s1600/D7K_9776+-+Version+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdrYVILpingXx6dqvaYc-qn-92ZrNE3BAvHPd-3Xj7iFC4BWBonOLJy-DisXT3KU5RtZiBUKm-KHwnl9K-0xxpIOxrx2KQMyNURS67FjPAMnTP5jWZ9nOXFEfuZajl0kTUSO2cDrgDBQ/s1600/D7K_9776+-+Version+4.jpg" height="376" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm f/3.5-f/5.6 @18mm f/11 1/60s ISO 100 with SB 800 @ 1/1 and SB 600 @ 1/125</td></tr>
</tbody></table>Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-86811505544399543182014-02-25T23:52:00.000-08:002014-02-25T23:52:02.323-08:00Loveland Pass <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5K8jqRV1GfhV2ApqTmgDxr39-dshhY8EPcGGfWZYHgaO7HxAR880mbGB3FHLbSaWdKBtTBZG8jUeIWlvpdE81hIyzxOuNH-JnrprwRyuZyzUEM_jXZ9aUkRtQasO0YUmzfqzIY-Zcog/s1600/D7K_9633+-+Version+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5K8jqRV1GfhV2ApqTmgDxr39-dshhY8EPcGGfWZYHgaO7HxAR880mbGB3FHLbSaWdKBtTBZG8jUeIWlvpdE81hIyzxOuNH-JnrprwRyuZyzUEM_jXZ9aUkRtQasO0YUmzfqzIY-Zcog/s1600/D7K_9633+-+Version+2.jpg" height="374" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm f/3.5-f/5.6 @ f/8 8s ISO 400; lit by car headlight sweep</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKE6Q1_U_XenLsv4IUGbBDY5wuVKJJteeoW6RF-sxsJ3s_TzZbGWDqE3eHY9FJJ4WNp_XfoE8b2Z-sv3bAJKVC76zgU9hdRj9g62Vq79tHaNHgy1eDIy4SMG71SM_MImjzJHTV3h0tlQ/s1600/D7K_9652.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKE6Q1_U_XenLsv4IUGbBDY5wuVKJJteeoW6RF-sxsJ3s_TzZbGWDqE3eHY9FJJ4WNp_XfoE8b2Z-sv3bAJKVC76zgU9hdRj9g62Vq79tHaNHgy1eDIy4SMG71SM_MImjzJHTV3h0tlQ/s1600/D7K_9652.jpg" height="864" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm f/3.5-f/5.6 @ f/11 1/60s ISO 800 with SB-600 @ 1/1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIPm4AgPFRdKbUGZyWooFYDi7B6dR7ETP1DPuCX9_HnVB6Q_pkSwEZ_eAw8x_mVgvrIDKnqC9sndJsSrDH-U7Z0ZUNdPcfcBUc1obfuTuYBaIwvwAyh024rosY3960jQagMkOHpfWXvQ/s1600/D7K_9631+-+Version+2+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIPm4AgPFRdKbUGZyWooFYDi7B6dR7ETP1DPuCX9_HnVB6Q_pkSwEZ_eAw8x_mVgvrIDKnqC9sndJsSrDH-U7Z0ZUNdPcfcBUc1obfuTuYBaIwvwAyh024rosY3960jQagMkOHpfWXvQ/s1600/D7K_9631+-+Version+2+(2).jpg" height="376" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm f/3.5-f/5.6 @ f/8 8s ISO 400; lights from a snowplow</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgooHGgneYKv585NIdMEeIu9Q8bsWZ3RX5uwZoQ2ERazD7_bet8PoXENUkZwdRx0IiXC1BclmzibHyNuBd-2d7tTnSaTq5qqTJjYjQNHDMmaQLuhAZg4tMLjRvzFPogLg_VTzLS4GjaPg/s1600/D7K_9677+-+Version+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgooHGgneYKv585NIdMEeIu9Q8bsWZ3RX5uwZoQ2ERazD7_bet8PoXENUkZwdRx0IiXC1BclmzibHyNuBd-2d7tTnSaTq5qqTJjYjQNHDMmaQLuhAZg4tMLjRvzFPogLg_VTzLS4GjaPg/s1600/D7K_9677+-+Version+2.jpg" height="321" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm f/3.5-f/5.6 @ f/11 1/60s ISO 800 with SB-600 @ 1/1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-78433376414474146552014-02-18T08:57:00.001-08:002014-04-15T09:24:44.319-07:00Portraits<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngftL_It1BAYhIV_PZtWiTkz9pdHeRml_AATrQ6mfdv2T5kZHL6YR1nU1ZB__UnXc2_xd7AzpT5z52jQ8HM8xK1kOq5uAUK_3X-EbKC8y0pszgz7RCZ82B8jeA4a2wEI3Kyg1NcP2LA/s1600/D7K_9797+(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhngftL_It1BAYhIV_PZtWiTkz9pdHeRml_AATrQ6mfdv2T5kZHL6YR1nU1ZB__UnXc2_xd7AzpT5z52jQ8HM8xK1kOq5uAUK_3X-EbKC8y0pszgz7RCZ82B8jeA4a2wEI3Kyg1NcP2LA/s1600/D7K_9797+(2).jpg" height="342" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.4 AF-D @ f3.5 1/60s ISO 250</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9E9p76odU2Pa4-N849uWH5U06is-dcYw4o9gDfYJQnsYPf7QKGdLNk1N4X61p9j5KM5r3DW5xt0xZ1uRXNPa2FsvCCgmXcaoQpPgnEaQGyi4S6ObzN5MdaTynwwq_G2un3kb5ARaAoQ/s1600/D7K_9502.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9E9p76odU2Pa4-N849uWH5U06is-dcYw4o9gDfYJQnsYPf7QKGdLNk1N4X61p9j5KM5r3DW5xt0xZ1uRXNPa2FsvCCgmXcaoQpPgnEaQGyi4S6ObzN5MdaTynwwq_G2un3kb5ARaAoQ/s1600/D7K_9502.jpg" height="864" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">70-200mm f2.8 af-s @ 200mm f2.8 ISO 100 1/640</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAzRso7XkD_nqWz_MCnNhQUH36m8xcyaJqcLQHr6j42L4iBUO2E4Vj1LPbwjhXMNeHTfLDABRlAZixUNAzCDsJGS6XCrVFi_iABCTZQdmVMA0XECNoSYcAHgdLJcaueKoNt8IIbK107w/s1600/D7K_9514+-+Version+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAzRso7XkD_nqWz_MCnNhQUH36m8xcyaJqcLQHr6j42L4iBUO2E4Vj1LPbwjhXMNeHTfLDABRlAZixUNAzCDsJGS6XCrVFi_iABCTZQdmVMA0XECNoSYcAHgdLJcaueKoNt8IIbK107w/s1600/D7K_9514+-+Version+2.jpg" height="320" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">70-200mm f2.8 af-s @ 95mm f2.8 ISO 100 1/640</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-8668746971896278872014-01-05T02:29:00.001-08:002014-01-05T02:35:11.732-08:00Water <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlp-BvAxT0zsmw5jpWA5AAPG4G0lGFcr4dwipNO1k2iG92SIacEXnV-ZEFBNjnoPsR7y1hBTd474dCGbbfh-wd96zlthf0P6_dsE4l5y0qGnj9U9YdO6env-uZUdRPFzUm8EkvZypIaQ/s1600/D7K_8503+-+Version+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlp-BvAxT0zsmw5jpWA5AAPG4G0lGFcr4dwipNO1k2iG92SIacEXnV-ZEFBNjnoPsR7y1hBTd474dCGbbfh-wd96zlthf0P6_dsE4l5y0qGnj9U9YdO6env-uZUdRPFzUm8EkvZypIaQ/s640/D7K_8503+-+Version+2.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">105mm Defocus Control on extension tubes @ f/8 1/250 ISO 320 with SB-600 and SB-800 @ 1/128</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-p_kxY1Tg0kjhvnMTijrDMm3VOuI7qsU0PJuiwfe4BBvL7gTl9mso4pTn4Idu1VthR1AgZivU55LRbI87bN6CKBeFeckXuD7Q52iPiE5kM7i6ehFrM2GRMCRS8WHmQzsV8505JIIl7A/s1600/DSC_0335.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-p_kxY1Tg0kjhvnMTijrDMm3VOuI7qsU0PJuiwfe4BBvL7gTl9mso4pTn4Idu1VthR1AgZivU55LRbI87bN6CKBeFeckXuD7Q52iPiE5kM7i6ehFrM2GRMCRS8WHmQzsV8505JIIl7A/s640/DSC_0335.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">80-200mm f2/8 on extension tubes @ f/8 1/125 ISO 100 with SB-600 and SB-800 @ TTL</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-73068380413124464762013-12-30T13:09:00.000-08:002013-12-31T11:02:37.168-08:00Macro<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyait_l6t6VGQuGd0qAK5HdeuLnvmXD0RuIGf1MMQiEd3ojxjRRvKMDkg23QMqguLzIAYdvsGIxUq1yO1dICxHB0R9IhICrSAoVwUr1CEzhJYid45JnLiXbcgD2ndPe43YgHyz46v28w/s1600/DSC_0146.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyait_l6t6VGQuGd0qAK5HdeuLnvmXD0RuIGf1MMQiEd3ojxjRRvKMDkg23QMqguLzIAYdvsGIxUq1yO1dICxHB0R9IhICrSAoVwUr1CEzhJYid45JnLiXbcgD2ndPe43YgHyz46v28w/s640/DSC_0146.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f36 1/60 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKC01Y9altQXxn9BBvdEkU6gXruGm2vxkn3Va16joQjRGVVdAukicOL-BLV2puT7MvxigQsRq4iqelRsvwFX5YSFsGevT5B1ThBtqJQtxNCJHJkUkT7EsuKC84RmVJmTk6WkMWlZc2aQ/s1600/D7K_7333.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKC01Y9altQXxn9BBvdEkU6gXruGm2vxkn3Va16joQjRGVVdAukicOL-BLV2puT7MvxigQsRq4iqelRsvwFX5YSFsGevT5B1ThBtqJQtxNCJHJkUkT7EsuKC84RmVJmTk6WkMWlZc2aQ/s640/D7K_7333.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f 36 1/60 ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqfBNYqXRhiEeEqHUyavNdLxx4eQ05duWJC1f__nnV9Di-Q-XmfI6_k-QhVwmf71tqjIAZtmoEL67RHh0PcH5PtOUGDSyCpQS75GKmsAN4KoeGvV1_jPVibTiU3Cgbs-7HtfmmRKfXlg/s1600/DSC_0251.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqfBNYqXRhiEeEqHUyavNdLxx4eQ05duWJC1f__nnV9Di-Q-XmfI6_k-QhVwmf71tqjIAZtmoEL67RHh0PcH5PtOUGDSyCpQS75GKmsAN4KoeGvV1_jPVibTiU3Cgbs-7HtfmmRKfXlg/s640/DSC_0251.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f22 5s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7Y417kORcLpuljCtp4IT4UsiUJUMLdTdo90BlTSX0aRjxvViXoMe96xkiJEqzjKdx7qMF8M9y5LzGYDzMy6RT7Fu6pJ8OgvgU2CVwDTqP40BRDJIKeJVtNvhdIpBEcbz00l29gVHvg/s1600/DSC_0109+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ7Y417kORcLpuljCtp4IT4UsiUJUMLdTdo90BlTSX0aRjxvViXoMe96xkiJEqzjKdx7qMF8M9y5LzGYDzMy6RT7Fu6pJ8OgvgU2CVwDTqP40BRDJIKeJVtNvhdIpBEcbz00l29gVHvg/s640/DSC_0109+%25281%2529.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f22 3s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoVqd3E6myDxBoTdrn0Aq5rJhISuHKCtkaf6bGYzfBMJzcrrEPE9PYK7PULNjjD9G8ao2ByRQ_Lkq9NIsGG50bi4MVk5q8A_Y72bW2QXYIjUq2QcMJYgyPLFfvM0-g_NCO6-MsuLAvQA/s1600/D7K_7405.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoVqd3E6myDxBoTdrn0Aq5rJhISuHKCtkaf6bGYzfBMJzcrrEPE9PYK7PULNjjD9G8ao2ByRQ_Lkq9NIsGG50bi4MVk5q8A_Y72bW2QXYIjUq2QcMJYgyPLFfvM0-g_NCO6-MsuLAvQA/s640/D7K_7405.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f36 1/160s ISO 250</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG-YbKdpW7VtNdEj7e6DV4H-LvYBBwCvBP5PJTelJL9HTEtd9h0LwnWjhTKvJd2mn5xmfyB_FxzXen6804bHjnyXDa1xAyQzwNsZWfVC5O7bTfmMxQdnNVwTAJ0w4NlujQrI4EPBqLOw/s1600/D7K_7382.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG-YbKdpW7VtNdEj7e6DV4H-LvYBBwCvBP5PJTelJL9HTEtd9h0LwnWjhTKvJd2mn5xmfyB_FxzXen6804bHjnyXDa1xAyQzwNsZWfVC5O7bTfmMxQdnNVwTAJ0w4NlujQrI4EPBqLOw/s640/D7K_7382.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f22 1/125s ISO 1,600</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0Eyyu2Mtd2yECTse4oSfHFp_3XR8l_90scAjhSX-IHEVpd9ImyEN230unJBpJTjOE3ZMOOsrWsrk9wGnP6Q6LQHyuBBRyrnm5EXYE3KHGLjYxG_bKxKWlFSt8KYRSdyZWEvr5p5IQw/s1600/D7K_7414.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf0Eyyu2Mtd2yECTse4oSfHFp_3XR8l_90scAjhSX-IHEVpd9ImyEN230unJBpJTjOE3ZMOOsrWsrk9wGnP6Q6LQHyuBBRyrnm5EXYE3KHGLjYxG_bKxKWlFSt8KYRSdyZWEvr5p5IQw/s640/D7K_7414.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f36 1/160s ISO 250</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj97dVhmVrZG-Kt1QKoONqIIKaxSlx2f4nXWXZgs1G_rL0Du-AAv-LIqrNuQJGKiotVkAuQ6dCEYxy3KtXtjFNCo7nx4KdHP4BHeJobEDKLAA2HZHNa6Y1gptcxjXQRicfNSlKI9pp_SA/s1600/DSC_0288.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj97dVhmVrZG-Kt1QKoONqIIKaxSlx2f4nXWXZgs1G_rL0Du-AAv-LIqrNuQJGKiotVkAuQ6dCEYxy3KtXtjFNCo7nx4KdHP4BHeJobEDKLAA2HZHNa6Y1gptcxjXQRicfNSlKI9pp_SA/s640/DSC_0288.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f22 1/60s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-68842638174620742762013-12-29T20:57:00.000-08:002014-01-02T10:20:57.578-08:00Night <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">
<tbody>
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<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjinDMvsv6g05YJN-Nnub_WRL1c6ApIkc28WZ6pywcvaFPYuvBtwI-f4ApAIyqeuW7ebiCHA2iDn0e1stQ5NPuL5tkdE7GY3hW3PyuSBXlhFJOmKp7P7pBF1DPWgZICA8lA6qtlCqIzdA/s1600/D7K_6569+-+Version+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjinDMvsv6g05YJN-Nnub_WRL1c6ApIkc28WZ6pywcvaFPYuvBtwI-f4ApAIyqeuW7ebiCHA2iDn0e1stQ5NPuL5tkdE7GY3hW3PyuSBXlhFJOmKp7P7pBF1DPWgZICA8lA6qtlCqIzdA/s640/D7K_6569+-+Version+4.jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
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<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18mm f22 25s ISO 100</td>
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</table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpwAhnM0gv2h1l5NfkaC77H28rXzZWrgiIvZK3tEx-5mwWFluDUHOBj8xq6WnccaHWcza57sCIAQJUp5SxJArtvClVJX94y_eSLQAgcIZVsZg5Z-Y8jVjKbp6zG3lJC-BG5_0OEhHQjQ/s1600/D7K_6610.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpwAhnM0gv2h1l5NfkaC77H28rXzZWrgiIvZK3tEx-5mwWFluDUHOBj8xq6WnccaHWcza57sCIAQJUp5SxJArtvClVJX94y_eSLQAgcIZVsZg5Z-Y8jVjKbp6zG3lJC-BG5_0OEhHQjQ/s640/D7K_6610.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18mm f22 15s ISO 100</td></tr>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hzNxz-8htXtKTONKXZ4o5-TctynYLFIB1UjcGX7WKXI7iK62gU39wJjL3g9VZaHSNbarIdXgZjK6eWzLBAnTLaJ0-tLJCj6DUhbVFVlU46pXMNou2dvLAXKMzQgcdG4RHRnuB5gKRQ/s1600/D7K_5753+corrected.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="860" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hzNxz-8htXtKTONKXZ4o5-TctynYLFIB1UjcGX7WKXI7iK62gU39wJjL3g9VZaHSNbarIdXgZjK6eWzLBAnTLaJ0-tLJCj6DUhbVFVlU46pXMNou2dvLAXKMzQgcdG4RHRnuB5gKRQ/s1600/D7K_5753+corrected.jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
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<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">19mm f18 15s ISO 100 </td>
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</table>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hzNxz-8htXtKTONKXZ4o5-TctynYLFIB1UjcGX7WKXI7iK62gU39wJjL3g9VZaHSNbarIdXgZjK6eWzLBAnTLaJ0-tLJCj6DUhbVFVlU46pXMNou2dvLAXKMzQgcdG4RHRnuB5gKRQ/s1600/D7K_5753+corrected.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
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</a>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6hzNxz-8htXtKTONKXZ4o5-TctynYLFIB1UjcGX7WKXI7iK62gU39wJjL3g9VZaHSNbarIdXgZjK6eWzLBAnTLaJ0-tLJCj6DUhbVFVlU46pXMNou2dvLAXKMzQgcdG4RHRnuB5gKRQ/s1600/D7K_5753+corrected.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
</a>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqhmjGSCJieuWdVj47iueNXWUbj-zDQZk70IXOcsQGybRErpJxiimc5DgpPgg9RhrcJ6U5lo3zBlHUXAlf5ANVHKkRbeSCCpXpxA_XapOZfJJnmEt1-L8HahtvoYbtsppN57C0-x1MQ/s1600/D7K_5755.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="860" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqhmjGSCJieuWdVj47iueNXWUbj-zDQZk70IXOcsQGybRErpJxiimc5DgpPgg9RhrcJ6U5lo3zBlHUXAlf5ANVHKkRbeSCCpXpxA_XapOZfJJnmEt1-L8HahtvoYbtsppN57C0-x1MQ/s1600/D7K_5755.jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">19mm f18 6s ISO 100</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG3Dr3nEdNzBMVHPJgO2o3sHY5cS0Xr6x_NW6rix9K0SuB6l1Ui6AJFxuRbZFI7OJTCwMMJGRz37Dtyf1vC3EVvqGlBbsIRfbl8VtMxUpKLCZZ74VKLT_suZHVPPiQtyIVkwuHgGicKw/s1600/D7K_5765.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG3Dr3nEdNzBMVHPJgO2o3sHY5cS0Xr6x_NW6rix9K0SuB6l1Ui6AJFxuRbZFI7OJTCwMMJGRz37Dtyf1vC3EVvqGlBbsIRfbl8VtMxUpKLCZZ74VKLT_suZHVPPiQtyIVkwuHgGicKw/s640/D7K_5765.jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">20mm f18 8s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfeei_06FwrwXdRv5eWQCqMYTm0Lvv7ayQnlyIAxlZd5e6owjPZeVYwdU0a_BM2Te1neKV8m4FnabwS5aAtii-ZgQv574CasjklHCmIkEOXlFgltmKOvVNrFhsVUSkzVPDJvunKYEWvQ/s1600/D7K_5899+-+Version+3+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfeei_06FwrwXdRv5eWQCqMYTm0Lvv7ayQnlyIAxlZd5e6owjPZeVYwdU0a_BM2Te1neKV8m4FnabwS5aAtii-ZgQv574CasjklHCmIkEOXlFgltmKOvVNrFhsVUSkzVPDJvunKYEWvQ/s640/D7K_5899+-+Version+3+(1).jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18mm f10 105.3s ISO 200</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKiYx20OA2jCBbSXr5L4rk8Cj_KTZz21HoJF-nvSdeIl2jDWXhyphenhyphenbYwmzqUb9ueUiKqzFKVyJ1mzY7hjSokQRnEvZoG0dEySGt4LGe3BPkWGfwea74lUr84uK0e3lq1Gi0rEZiWaWpsg/s1600/D7K_6089.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="860" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwKiYx20OA2jCBbSXr5L4rk8Cj_KTZz21HoJF-nvSdeIl2jDWXhyphenhyphenbYwmzqUb9ueUiKqzFKVyJ1mzY7hjSokQRnEvZoG0dEySGt4LGe3BPkWGfwea74lUr84uK0e3lq1Gi0rEZiWaWpsg/s1600/D7K_6089.jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">22mm f16 4s ISO 100</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGCtaJV-mUvkZf1VXTpti3fedr7DIF9MMayZWfsxoZ3W-ezJ0sO0E2LKeUETjM8r5RtowQk4eFZ3HUTFuU2qoey6KgeFp1i6_KZknAIDJagy6JtJd_Z_hK6ytKmoCqSnvGqp38Zotvlg/s1600/D7K_6262+-+Version+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGCtaJV-mUvkZf1VXTpti3fedr7DIF9MMayZWfsxoZ3W-ezJ0sO0E2LKeUETjM8r5RtowQk4eFZ3HUTFuU2qoey6KgeFp1i6_KZknAIDJagy6JtJd_Z_hK6ytKmoCqSnvGqp38Zotvlg/s640/D7K_6262+-+Version+2.jpg" width="570" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18mm f14 30s ISO 1000</td>
</tr>
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</table>
Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-28925225077996627662013-12-27T16:52:00.000-08:002013-12-31T11:06:21.886-08:00Abstract <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
All these abstract images of toothpicks taped to a glass bowl were taken with the D7000 with the 50mm f1.4 lens on a set of extension tubes using natural light, an SB-600, and an SB-800.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzs9FbDtanL4tCuaud_IwOiTOSrWA6i8VeO6_337r2X_pFJB2vstkYaM8aNBwJcpdOs1p4PVvfFvzWvvvWrbpxx64ziT8wTKIqKs5e5M5YuzA9cKk5qmSPNWtO8RmR5rOYMJx_V8T7-w/s1600/D7K_7858.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzs9FbDtanL4tCuaud_IwOiTOSrWA6i8VeO6_337r2X_pFJB2vstkYaM8aNBwJcpdOs1p4PVvfFvzWvvvWrbpxx64ziT8wTKIqKs5e5M5YuzA9cKk5qmSPNWtO8RmR5rOYMJx_V8T7-w/s640/D7K_7858.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ISO 100 f/11 1/160</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrc1UvFUSWQUbbQL2ZmdycYeel_hL0pSDBQIInQsw6Hfs4g51Br3BuevmTSn6XhXqXTAlxxxdsasGtldfaxmMIcfGyCsU6-F5VxT6_KI4Ur_0kSMPTAsH7aRQ3PwQgqmpuGvGG4_2C_Q/s1600/D7K_7932.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrc1UvFUSWQUbbQL2ZmdycYeel_hL0pSDBQIInQsw6Hfs4g51Br3BuevmTSn6XhXqXTAlxxxdsasGtldfaxmMIcfGyCsU6-F5VxT6_KI4Ur_0kSMPTAsH7aRQ3PwQgqmpuGvGG4_2C_Q/s640/D7K_7932.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ISO 100 f/1.4 1/250 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibB9oCsmYHG2fW2vfGIAo-eHt1jWOMpVOW3Kx-rtKtDE8uGY9TKCgrlegnMk25QNhoLUy2sG_MINtAtN2hjlQS4KiOqXCFgDEfSM4xkMgI5WkkDLUdU4Jk_Z6KJtP2tG-izQG9AQ8LAQ/s1600/D7K_7948.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibB9oCsmYHG2fW2vfGIAo-eHt1jWOMpVOW3Kx-rtKtDE8uGY9TKCgrlegnMk25QNhoLUy2sG_MINtAtN2hjlQS4KiOqXCFgDEfSM4xkMgI5WkkDLUdU4Jk_Z6KJtP2tG-izQG9AQ8LAQ/s640/D7K_7948.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ISO 100 f/2 1/250 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbm0PaCZ_UoCML8S93vZoHg_Q9kNvRd9x_nE-QzSfQ0zEzdZZunC_R29UuYfQdtuOxe4dM2JWkvKQ_H_uCgoG26m616dCSdZPtdtUxB6bx3Mic2gMSDHZbaxjwXfMNd50tZ6I6vJftoQ/s1600/D7K_7872.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbm0PaCZ_UoCML8S93vZoHg_Q9kNvRd9x_nE-QzSfQ0zEzdZZunC_R29UuYfQdtuOxe4dM2JWkvKQ_H_uCgoG26m616dCSdZPtdtUxB6bx3Mic2gMSDHZbaxjwXfMNd50tZ6I6vJftoQ/s640/D7K_7872.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ISO 100 f/11 1/160 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1rivZovl7K1VbveMjH6-OPTr6Hr4So22FvM5FhueFCoZKLQfnzJFTiYpz5aCNE7lO_l8tl-f1jbLspnBDL30E23UxgZRZEUCi2Vpl3SpQkIy52kqrlNNscOXsyE5xMLkQ48glvxG5ng/s1600/D7K_7962+-+Version+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1rivZovl7K1VbveMjH6-OPTr6Hr4So22FvM5FhueFCoZKLQfnzJFTiYpz5aCNE7lO_l8tl-f1jbLspnBDL30E23UxgZRZEUCi2Vpl3SpQkIy52kqrlNNscOXsyE5xMLkQ48glvxG5ng/s640/D7K_7962+-+Version+3.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ISO 100 f/2 1/250</td></tr>
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Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-12134332357541828682013-12-22T03:47:00.000-08:002013-12-31T11:06:28.921-08:00Perception Of Scale In Macro Photography; Why You Should Take Macro Pictures Of Large Things<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ommpdhuwS5mrTswQg7wSqUwG5HZdgeg0tdCzkqd-reFERgV-F1DMVAawdp221XJ-7SrdRtTQC1gaqxyLXDoNGMelvOCkGcRqbB1NW0PO1vhLts5jnCgH-72eWqkfFOzUjPTjcZHW8w/s1600/DSC_0288+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ommpdhuwS5mrTswQg7wSqUwG5HZdgeg0tdCzkqd-reFERgV-F1DMVAawdp221XJ-7SrdRtTQC1gaqxyLXDoNGMelvOCkGcRqbB1NW0PO1vhLts5jnCgH-72eWqkfFOzUjPTjcZHW8w/s640/DSC_0288+(1).jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f22 1/60s ISO 100, with SB-800 directly above and SB-600 to the left</td></tr>
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Macro photography can have a massive visual impact by granting access to an alien world where things are perceived very differently than our natural vision.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC_O8TMxU4kdLIk56ZpGsuzEJgPQonwCoTR7rp1DnWaRQl72NJxThO6m52NsQ_A1L1khrXkJrLy3DTOJPdK3Y4P4r3WFS7dGdEGYJdhtNs-UiukhXjpSCoLyLrwMO0YFU-voX24b-qEw/s1600/D7K_7352.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC_O8TMxU4kdLIk56ZpGsuzEJgPQonwCoTR7rp1DnWaRQl72NJxThO6m52NsQ_A1L1khrXkJrLy3DTOJPdK3Y4P4r3WFS7dGdEGYJdhtNs-UiukhXjpSCoLyLrwMO0YFU-voX24b-qEw/s320/D7K_7352.jpg" width="232" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f36 1/160 ISO 100 SB-800 flash</td></tr>
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As things get smaller, problems like depth of field and <a href="http://ryanzimmermanphotography.blogspot.com/2013/12/18-55mm-18mm-f22-15s-iso-100-this-is.html" target="_blank">diffraction</a> get bigger, decreasing the image quality (all else held equal). However, if you can take a picture of an object that is larger than average, you can often increase the impact of the image because the viewpoint is very different from the viewer's normal experience. Likewise, taking a picture of a smaller than assumed object can reduce the impact of the image, because it looks closer to what the viewer perceives as normal.<br />
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When looking at photos, viewers subconsciously make assumptions about the scale of the subject. At normal magnification, the viewer's assumptions are usually quite accurate, but at high magnification people have less reference and tend to assume that the object they're looking at is the size they're used to. For example, the image on the right gives away very little information about the size of the whole leaf, so while a very knowledgable viewer might be able to guess the species and therefore guess the size, most viewers will naturally assume it is an average size leaf.<br />
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<h3>
Example</h3>
To illustrate just how much the size of the subject compared to the perceived size of the subject matters, I photographed text on a page—something everyone is familiar with and has a sense of what's "normal" size—at different font sizes. All the images in this series are RAW images from the D7000 that have simply been cropped slightly, all taken through the same lens at the same focal distance under the same light.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4T1T5P_e7LVp7ln_t1PpDgFC653i2zNjkcOEo-X756elYzZTxJMEQQ6wwrt5lKh0WYvLXyG8S63oZ9r063Yc3J6GOxFVaH0puyZn7IBG4dZblj7HjFS3oNeC89UeayXZh5X1GGJO6A/s1600/DSC_0258.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA4T1T5P_e7LVp7ln_t1PpDgFC653i2zNjkcOEo-X756elYzZTxJMEQQ6wwrt5lKh0WYvLXyG8S63oZ9r063Yc3J6GOxFVaH0puyZn7IBG4dZblj7HjFS3oNeC89UeayXZh5X1GGJO6A/s320/DSC_0258.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f8 1/60s ISO 100 SB-800 and SB-600 flashes</td></tr>
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First I'll start with an example of what not to do. I accidentally printed a huge map onto a small piece of paper a while ago while planning a camping trip, and kept it because it looks interesting even though it's illegible. However, even though this map looks interesting on an 8.5" by 11" sheet of paper, it makes a really low-impact macro image because no viewer will expect that the map was tiny, they will assume it was badly printed and this photo isn't very close to the paper at all.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyBmisA9xkhQuVEAxVma5p8-JCPwVCXNXiX8cXOb_BvrTahe08GB0tsoR1BOCzSM67k-lGhu57vNTv6wCycE6Wf6P_q7up_sMGQKkqVhf0rmrnFfxmEPT2Wc4_eTH-c5K20VL62azCjA/s1600/DSC_0260.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyBmisA9xkhQuVEAxVma5p8-JCPwVCXNXiX8cXOb_BvrTahe08GB0tsoR1BOCzSM67k-lGhu57vNTv6wCycE6Wf6P_q7up_sMGQKkqVhf0rmrnFfxmEPT2Wc4_eTH-c5K20VL62azCjA/s320/DSC_0260.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f8 1/60s ISO 100 SB-800 and SB-600 flashes</td></tr>
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Then, this is an example of a macro image of something "normal" sized, Didot font at 12 pt. Because the subject of this image is the size the viewer expects, it looks like something you could see through a magnifying glass, not something unusual and special.<br />
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The 12pt font looks far more interesting than the map, but still lacks any impact, it looks more like bad printing on rough paper than a high magnification photo.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNQJrpLVj9LC2O9dyUJhTJR3bGT6xlL_qKsn9Y-ek59BWluDKLfI9OPPXR5deN8KhqkLlVPAtTIdDkV1ihAyguqWJLWA6SXsfupXX-hqaR9tX4TQwRvjW53QcejomdSKfMR-RKJ0-jMA/s1600/DSC_0261.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNQJrpLVj9LC2O9dyUJhTJR3bGT6xlL_qKsn9Y-ek59BWluDKLfI9OPPXR5deN8KhqkLlVPAtTIdDkV1ihAyguqWJLWA6SXsfupXX-hqaR9tX4TQwRvjW53QcejomdSKfMR-RKJ0-jMA/s320/DSC_0261.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f8 1/60s ISO 100 SB-800 and SB-600 flashes</td></tr>
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At 24pt we begin to feel like we're zooming in and the photo gets a little more interesting, but still looks easy to take and lacks the ability to capture and hold a viewer's eye.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDyE_7UqYlwoO9dci9CHWrJVKHAAsoDX-Ku3DygIQaqTRtNw3impNUS4OVJn7MntCyd8MdHo0g_Xe_UMzHszdkJgMOgXtYNfXEzPNxoMMdn2z_GsrsgXfpL2CJeAYmWY08My4u2JghQ/s1600/DSC_0263.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEDyE_7UqYlwoO9dci9CHWrJVKHAAsoDX-Ku3DygIQaqTRtNw3impNUS4OVJn7MntCyd8MdHo0g_Xe_UMzHszdkJgMOgXtYNfXEzPNxoMMdn2z_GsrsgXfpL2CJeAYmWY08My4u2JghQ/s320/DSC_0263.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">f8 1/60s ISO 100 SB-800 and SB-600 flashes</td></tr>
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Stepping up to 48pt allows a single character to fill the entire frame. This gives the viewer the sense that they are looking at a good print on nice paper that would look smooth and perfect to the naked eye, but at such a high level of magnification that they can see otherwise invisible imperfections. Remember that there's no zooming in these photos, all four were taken with the same fixed focal length lens the exact same distance from the camera.<br />
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<h3>
Application</h3>
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In the real world, where people use cameras to capture pictures instead of pretending they're scanners, this technique still applies. Macro photos of oranges will seem more magnified than macro photos of clementines, pictures of large leaves with complex vein structures will look more interesting than smaller leaves that reveal less detail, and so on. Obviously there are many factors that effect the viewer's perception of scale, but it is possible to skew that size assumption in your favor so you can create sharper, deeper images of smaller looking things. <br />
<br />Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-43428974318348648032013-12-21T22:39:00.001-08:002013-12-31T11:06:37.832-08:00Sharpness: Aperture and Diffraction<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5473/11468630676_33165e3290_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5473/11468630676_33165e3290_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm @ 18mm f22 15s ISO 100</td></tr>
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<h3>
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This is the article I wish I'd read before traveling to France and taking pictures like the one on the right. In the full resolution image <a href="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5473/11468630676_33165e3290_o.jpg">here</a>, fuzziness caused by diffraction is clearly noticeable. <br />
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Depth of field and Diffraction </h3>
Changing the aperture of a camera is the best way to change the depth of field. Larger apertures produce images with smooth, dreamy qualities that have a very depth of field, while smaller apertures produce images with a much larger depth of field. This may lead some photographers to think that the smaller the aperture is, the sharper the image will be, but that is not true.<br />
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When light rays travel through a small hole they bend and interfere with each other, an effect known as diffraction. Unfortunately, this creates a difficult tradeoff for photographers, because stopping down the lens to increase depth of field also increases diffraction. The result is a photo that has a large depth of field but is quite fuzzy.<br />
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This issue gets bigger at larger formats, because increasing the size of the sensor (or film) decreases the depth of field. This is why medium format cameras have aperture settings far smaller then f22 (the most common minimum aperture on modern lenses built for digital APS-C and FX sensors). lenses for medium format often have minimum apertures of f45. <br />
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The Practical Test</h3>
I set up a still life and shot it with three different cameras to demonstrate the effects of diffraction and pixel size. The D50 has 6.1 MP sensor, the D7000 has a 16.2 MP sensor, and the D7100 has a 24.1 MP sensor. The reason I chose to demonstrate with three cameras at three different resolutions but the same sensor size (Nikon DX, also known as APS-C), is because the pixel size on the sensor matters. A camera with larger physical pixels is less effected by diffraction than a camera with smaller pixels packed more tightly together because the ratio between the pixel size and the diffraction pattern (called an airy disk) size is smaller. <a href="http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/diffraction-photography.htm">This Cambridge in Color page goes into more detail.</a> The best way to demonstrate this would be by comparing two cameras with different sensor sizes but the same resolution, like the Nikon D7100 and Nikon D600, but I don't have a D600 available.<br />
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<h3>
Cameras: </h3>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJtwDYB7LoVx6dGRTBWrv8DZhoG-QrUY8ixfz2INZ9J_y6ypm3TyLIlrn94Gx1-ph5622hpoqtHT6KQPESS8PxW9O58gjmFGzY7MVIHBoN7lic07_U1JohttOO8oebjdW9-Zy7vr1WZQ/s1600/DSC_0217.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJtwDYB7LoVx6dGRTBWrv8DZhoG-QrUY8ixfz2INZ9J_y6ypm3TyLIlrn94Gx1-ph5622hpoqtHT6KQPESS8PxW9O58gjmFGzY7MVIHBoN7lic07_U1JohttOO8oebjdW9-Zy7vr1WZQ/s200/DSC_0217.jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.4 @ f8 1/60 ISO 100</td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBpXu87azOM814r15infZhxz8llY8f3WEQOTXBCiJZRFON1Dm-eYGB0MSPTE1IWFPMbBSahN2aPfGJZXZVE0H28Fgm9C7RuPkX7JYA1PnGqmEzVAXzLK0PX_esrSo1B97JUD8Ue0ujEw/s1600/DSC_0220.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBpXu87azOM814r15infZhxz8llY8f3WEQOTXBCiJZRFON1Dm-eYGB0MSPTE1IWFPMbBSahN2aPfGJZXZVE0H28Fgm9C7RuPkX7JYA1PnGqmEzVAXzLK0PX_esrSo1B97JUD8Ue0ujEw/s200/DSC_0220.jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.4 @ f8 1/60 ISO 100</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeBGkjQNfCKxr5T_BbdCj7w6rAoZnHCW4DUBWkRghxHR7rPhvmvPWXdit8X3DuTIAd86kS13nLyzquRCiQ3mXzG40NPws2q3X8YkwfzgvpzKBHWFt1Zzx9kkKlRABEwDCrHaE1UkyHfQ/s1600/DSC_0225+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeBGkjQNfCKxr5T_BbdCj7w6rAoZnHCW4DUBWkRghxHR7rPhvmvPWXdit8X3DuTIAd86kS13nLyzquRCiQ3mXzG40NPws2q3X8YkwfzgvpzKBHWFt1Zzx9kkKlRABEwDCrHaE1UkyHfQ/s200/DSC_0225+(1).jpg" width="175" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.4 @ f8 1/60 ISO 100</td></tr>
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I didn't end up posting the D7000 images on this page, but I'll link to the full images at the end.<br />
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<h4>
Test shot:</h4>
I set up this still life with an old book because it has a very high level of detail—the D7000 at f8 can see individual printing dots—and can be parallel to the focal plane to try and remove some of the effects of the depth of field changes. All test shots were shot on a tripod with a tether or remote shutter and are unprocessed raw images straight from the camera that have been aligned and white balanced. All test images were shot through the same 50mm f1.8 lens at ISO 100, except for the D50 which only goes down to ISO 200. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZFq_Y9xz0VFXIo4SK3DWjPrf-V1MiIlyi1rIH_84mh-m_p1u2zv8kkisvf92XTijCWaNtrbXHliqjiOpL_W6QJobSIStaEZ7cPI_iVNfLgMcCLP4yjFjH8dcvETF9O2hu7fcujKfTXQ/s1600/WDZ_3439.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZFq_Y9xz0VFXIo4SK3DWjPrf-V1MiIlyi1rIH_84mh-m_p1u2zv8kkisvf92XTijCWaNtrbXHliqjiOpL_W6QJobSIStaEZ7cPI_iVNfLgMcCLP4yjFjH8dcvETF9O2hu7fcujKfTXQ/s640/WDZ_3439.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7100 50mm f1.8 @ f8 2.5s ISO 100</td></tr>
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Starting with the D7100, here are 100% crops <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaeFX9SruSLoe_x4cnLpY9t5TB4kubjkemTZ2jB-CJ9ujyWcSSBkUr5V3PkJY9i1Zu_o2-V5amTbbKRpyKFmRIycoZcUYJD7CQJHySlfOXv69TUGhcsY_cvgtbs1S7ayUDaFv-TcECxg/s1600/570+x+378+D7100+f4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaeFX9SruSLoe_x4cnLpY9t5TB4kubjkemTZ2jB-CJ9ujyWcSSBkUr5V3PkJY9i1Zu_o2-V5amTbbKRpyKFmRIycoZcUYJD7CQJHySlfOXv69TUGhcsY_cvgtbs1S7ayUDaFv-TcECxg/s1600/570+x+378+D7100+f4.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7100 f4 0.6s ISO 100</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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Between f4 and f8 diffraction is not a significant factor at all, so aperture size makes very little difference in sharpness. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga9VlaZUWCpV32RBQskWIUFd0O5pKTkchk0nMvQ44gJvg_5gu6Vvgg5g2F2rlf6FQwL1b4mOesuiyuU8zfvNfb0j47U0L0I9A8hJCUESjnFec2d1dC1LqO9o97Qi54dZ1NII2Culhi7w/s1600/570+x+378+D7100+f8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga9VlaZUWCpV32RBQskWIUFd0O5pKTkchk0nMvQ44gJvg_5gu6Vvgg5g2F2rlf6FQwL1b4mOesuiyuU8zfvNfb0j47U0L0I9A8hJCUESjnFec2d1dC1LqO9o97Qi54dZ1NII2Culhi7w/s1600/570+x+378+D7100+f8.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7100 f8 2.5s ISO 100</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
However, by f22 the width of the airy disk begins to overlap multiple pixels and multiply airy disks begin to interfere, severely limiting the resolution of the camera.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic73DxLuAtdSGTpUYHQvKlI8LlmZyqyyL4WMSKnDubiy-a4LTunuMisSThqYPQBJKVABS0OXZehvqWYr0gkBuR0BbNooEjVlo05inSWXhAoVMip9ZaKeBVA3u4ywKtNlZ8s3_zWnpFvw/s1600/570+x+378+D7100+f22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic73DxLuAtdSGTpUYHQvKlI8LlmZyqyyL4WMSKnDubiy-a4LTunuMisSThqYPQBJKVABS0OXZehvqWYr0gkBuR0BbNooEjVlo05inSWXhAoVMip9ZaKeBVA3u4ywKtNlZ8s3_zWnpFvw/s1600/570+x+378+D7100+f22.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7100 f22 20s ISO 100</td></tr>
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The Nikon D50 is a much older, lower resolution camera, but as a result it has larger individual pixels spread out over the same sensor size. The result is that the camera has lower resolution at all apertures but loses less of that resolution to diffraction.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3hlrtCJQK1yGPlSaCKDx1p2xWmztx3KPwTJrwHqBfN6DpZK77b0dveQoycerwPshqe9pCmP7R-XJFLUIGmS8nJO7hHNHhjlWAds5HgcGMNF1_pUr4Zz7nKRjkn2U8mz86WMIEoJl6Hg/s1600/570+x+378+D50+f4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3hlrtCJQK1yGPlSaCKDx1p2xWmztx3KPwTJrwHqBfN6DpZK77b0dveQoycerwPshqe9pCmP7R-XJFLUIGmS8nJO7hHNHhjlWAds5HgcGMNF1_pUr4Zz7nKRjkn2U8mz86WMIEoJl6Hg/s1600/570+x+378+D50+f4.jpg" style="cursor: move;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D50 f4 0.6s ISO 200</td></tr>
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As with the D7000, there is little to no visible difference between f4 and f8 in the D50. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ8dYfbYYCs9TtqAbp3V8OZH59dJp7hgsjwlf0GA5m-eKYYBk2RhRRKslzomcfrv1uLijo68FlIGivBxUmpBkpJ7wx3tGAe8MNWR9vohHkAmF1rNL_VMB3_YuH5S477g_J4vwj_BD1Ng/s1600/570+x+378+D50+f8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ8dYfbYYCs9TtqAbp3V8OZH59dJp7hgsjwlf0GA5m-eKYYBk2RhRRKslzomcfrv1uLijo68FlIGivBxUmpBkpJ7wx3tGAe8MNWR9vohHkAmF1rNL_VMB3_YuH5S477g_J4vwj_BD1Ng/s1600/570+x+378+D50+f8.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D50 f8 2.5s ISO 200</td></tr>
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By f22 the 'fuzz' is quite obvious but the difference between f8 and f22 is much smaller than on the D7100 because the D50 has fewer, larger pixels.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AIXV-JdaO_0wckCLXwpg5Ok53e6BXuAAIehwA7mjpByDpQiW-ghQ-heD8uNzkE3bvI9g0wZ9JiQTqn5C-pydOyP6VH4LIKXNg_lezrLKMBHwy18c0HCRdFE9EhwhcE0m3V1dWu0rBw/s1600/570+x+378+D50+f22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0AIXV-JdaO_0wckCLXwpg5Ok53e6BXuAAIehwA7mjpByDpQiW-ghQ-heD8uNzkE3bvI9g0wZ9JiQTqn5C-pydOyP6VH4LIKXNg_lezrLKMBHwy18c0HCRdFE9EhwhcE0m3V1dWu0rBw/s1600/570+x+378+D50+f22.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D50 f22 20s ISO 200 </td></tr>
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Real world implications</h3>
Diffraction in APS-C and FX cameras is not as much of a restraint as it is in larger format cameras, but not understanding the concept will severely limit modern DSLRs that have very small pixels. You have to understand all the details or you won't get the most out of your camera.<br />
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Here's a stark example of that: Two images, taken with two different cameras through the same lens with the same settings on everything but aperture. The D50 is worth about $150, and the D7100 is worth about $1,100, but the D50 is set at f8 and the D7100 is set at f22. These images are raw from the camera, then I corrected the alignment, exposure (a tiny bit, they were pretty accurate already), and white balance. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5le9XuFh1gA_pkkl_U1_yUIm59YYj36oahPaO_SxqdhXlgGlA4i4-xVk49VOr1mdxsWvkmt_ixFTed9nDzTnJHWMpQ7_3JLRBDY89WaKgujj0rMAj0zgVd8K5ifvkUPw1tA-6Y0LslQ/s1600/D50+VS+D7000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="570" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5le9XuFh1gA_pkkl_U1_yUIm59YYj36oahPaO_SxqdhXlgGlA4i4-xVk49VOr1mdxsWvkmt_ixFTed9nDzTnJHWMpQ7_3JLRBDY89WaKgujj0rMAj0zgVd8K5ifvkUPw1tA-6Y0LslQ/s640/D50+VS+D7000.jpg" width="570" /></a></div>
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The camera on the left is the Nikon D50, the camera at the right is the D7100. This is a visual example of what many of the best photographers often repeat: the photographer matters more than the camera. If both were shot perfectly, the D7100 would win hands down, but if you don't understand the subtleties of photography you'll never improve just by buying new equipment.<br />
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Full resolution test photos </h3>
<a href="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2874/11469179374_eb59cb8604_o.jpg">Nikon D7100 f4</a><br />
<a href="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2894/11469146915_25c016128b_o.jpg">Nikon D7100 f8</a><br />
<a href="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7298/11469250866_0d30cb6d89_o.jpg">Nikon D7100 f22</a><br />
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<a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3692/11469150025_3163702cb6_o.jpg">Nikon D7000 f4</a><br />
<a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3796/11469149495_baf354b73a_o.jpg">Nikon D7000 f8</a><br />
<a href="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5498/11469150555_226201c0bb_o.jpg">Nikon D7000 f22</a><br />
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<a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3795/11469258216_3de9f11abb_o.jpg">Nikon D50 f4</a><br />
<a href="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2812/11469152085_62d9e85883_o.jpg">Nikon D50 f8</a><br />
<a href="http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2809/11469299263_d95dcd71c6_o.jpg">Nikon D50 f22</a><br />
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Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-70729215917996202982013-12-21T22:33:00.002-08:002014-04-14T12:10:56.620-07:00DIY Macro: Reverse Lens Technique<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3672/11442627724_d54976aeae_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3672/11442627724_d54976aeae_k.jpg" height="437" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Metadata: 18-55mm with reversed 55mm @ 55mm f36 1/60s ISO 250</td></tr>
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High quality lenses with a 1:1 reproduction ratio suitable for true macro photography are extremely expensive. One of the best, the Nikon <span style="font-weight: normal;">AF Micro-Nikkor 200mm f/4D IF-ED, costs about </span><span class="price-value" itemprop="price">$1,794.95, so it's no surprise that </span>the internet abounds with ways ways to cheaply modify lenses to increase the reproduction ratio. This page will show how to reverse and combine lenses to get really high reproduction ratios. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3676/11456232715_e63a0d16e8_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibqQHoQPRNrSXsD1Ywkacgn6u820uibqixDz49CdkKr519dGEWVOkTDo4zOHERii3Px1QE_oeXofL_Us3fo75oRhidWDegxNu6CwvwxBiRoajUD0sJsnhg6cDrHHWFATclk9vczxSjdQ/s320/DSC_0159.jpg" height="244" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.8, @ f8 1/250s ISO 100 with SB-800</td></tr>
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First, however, I should mention that there are other, easier ways of focusing closer to your subject, such as these macro lens attachments.<br />
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This is the simplest way to increase your reproduction ratio. These lenses are usually very inexpensive and usually come in sets labeled +1, +2, and +3, like mine on the right. they simply screw onto the end of an existing</div>
lens (I put them on my 50mm f1.8 prime) and reduce the focusing distance a bit. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIXpquNbNWxkg35MVCJJz_VxBAB0v9XMtBs2zyEuDluujzpp7PGG5iP7n3MW801BXkkvjBoER5-UxmLBv6x7BDEx-1hWjj9MEnytc3OaXbqf3hdWv1siajVvFJNsPpcJd4pLCsqcGXjg/s1600/WDZ_3420.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIXpquNbNWxkg35MVCJJz_VxBAB0v9XMtBs2zyEuDluujzpp7PGG5iP7n3MW801BXkkvjBoER5-UxmLBv6x7BDEx-1hWjj9MEnytc3OaXbqf3hdWv1siajVvFJNsPpcJd4pLCsqcGXjg/s320/WDZ_3420.jpg" height="232" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7100 50mm f1.4 @ f10 1/60s ISO 100 with three flashes</td></tr>
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A way to get even closer, however, is to attach the lens backwards, either with a reversing ring (also known as a macro mount) or with electrical tape like here (though I was only shooting indoors with this). This lens arrangement allows you to focus much closer than with a set of macro lens attachments, but you lose the ability to use any lens automation—no camera controlled aperture, no autofocus, no distance metering (which only applies to D lenses)—so all that has to be set manually. As a result, this technique works best with lenses that have an aperture ring. Gelded lenses lack the aperture ring, so if they are detached from the camera they will only shoot at their minimum aperture, which makes focusing and framing difficult because the vewfinder is very dark. The reversed lens should always be focused to infinity, I found it helpful to tape the focus so it couldn't drift (unnecessary on lenses with internal focus motors as the internal motor should hold it in place) <br />
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Here's an example with a clementine (not a full sized orange): </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7411/11431538706_fd59195f06_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7411/11431538706_fd59195f06_b.jpg" height="347" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">50mm f1.8 reversed @ f22 2s ISO 100</td></tr>
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<span class="price">If this isn't close enough for you (and it wasn't close enough for me), you can actually combine multiple lenses. I attached my 18-55mm G lens to the end of my 50mm prime with a piece of electrical tape, making a lens that focused far closer to the subject and was actually durable enough to use without any worry of getting dust into the camera or having the lens fall off. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPBJJ2zBHTeR3lbpIvtGsGr3UwE5RoAzZKtpdgcML_tQABL31ZAmTtNSrScsfIw635aLternmLPLtL1NgBSHQgIhkgT13GvmKyP0h6CF96DSKWZgtJSINuV55ahmDrnP-X11O6FFno8Q/s1600/WDZ_3427.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPBJJ2zBHTeR3lbpIvtGsGr3UwE5RoAzZKtpdgcML_tQABL31ZAmTtNSrScsfIw635aLternmLPLtL1NgBSHQgIhkgT13GvmKyP0h6CF96DSKWZgtJSINuV55ahmDrnP-X11O6FFno8Q/s320/WDZ_3427.jpg" height="211" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7000 50mm f1.4 @ f10 1/60s ISO 125</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnqOX2TDVnDHiZtRtOgW-u8LBNh6wl8I9uALUxLhJ3LXCn4cDroX66fMO6LMfy1bAY5no9zR2qmgFOxHwr3p9muRY9DatcNyD65oi5YKF1lowo8Y5o6QXdxjHo8gpKjD0kV8tLkspNEA/s1600/WDZ_3428+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 0; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnqOX2TDVnDHiZtRtOgW-u8LBNh6wl8I9uALUxLhJ3LXCn4cDroX66fMO6LMfy1bAY5no9zR2qmgFOxHwr3p9muRY9DatcNyD65oi5YKF1lowo8Y5o6QXdxjHo8gpKjD0kV8tLkspNEA/s320/WDZ_3428+%25281%2529.jpg" height="211" width="275" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7000 50mm f1.4 @ f10 1/60s ISO 125</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_eLqyYMZy0IC5Dail3MnQf4lA6LPF03WGLCDyDVyu8Qhc_SRDkc73G1sITOO68k2fqohlMBj9qyd1h-y-rU5PTbWyBP7P8yl7-1D7rWt1-nJb46ejApvh-E06HCLUViCdSBl4V0tNQ/s400/WDZ_3430.jpg" height="375" style="cursor: move; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="275" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">D7000 50mm f1.4 @ f10 1/60s ISO 125</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_eLqyYMZy0IC5Dail3MnQf4lA6LPF03WGLCDyDVyu8Qhc_SRDkc73G1sITOO68k2fqohlMBj9qyd1h-y-rU5PTbWyBP7P8yl7-1D7rWt1-nJb46ejApvh-E06HCLUViCdSBl4V0tNQ/s1600/WDZ_3430.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
</a><span class="price">This lens combination works really well for surprisingly sharp and close macros. The G lens is connected to the camera body like normal, so aperture control is retained. The inside lens should be zoomed to the furthest telephoto setting to reduce vignetting (and any filters attached to the lenses will increase vignetting) and focused to its closest focus point. The outer lens has to be a non-G stopped wide open (faster lenses like this f1.8 do best here) and focused to infinity. </span><br />
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<span class="price">The biggest problem I had with this setup was the way that the lens can move in three different ways, outer focus, inner focus, and zoom, making focusing difficult. This problem was easily solved by simply taping across all three joints in the lenses so that it was always set to the closest focus distance. I focused by moving the camera and subject.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3822/11443236035_26320d35c2_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3822/11443236035_26320d35c2_b.jpg" height="437" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm lens with 50mm f1.8 reversed @ f32 1/60s ISO 100 with SB-800</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm lens with 50mm f1.8 reversed @ f32 1/60s ISO 100 with SB-800</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5506/11442706616_66538a2392_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5506/11442706616_66538a2392_k.jpg" height="437" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm lens with 50mm f1.8 reversed @ f22 3s ISO 100</td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5541/11443333296_0cede0f946_k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5541/11443333296_0cede0f946_k.jpg" height="437" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18-55mm lens with 50mm f1.8 reversed @ f22 1/125s ISO 1600 with SB-800</td></tr>
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Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14535448747623776.post-23995075473490883272013-12-19T12:49:00.000-08:002013-12-31T11:07:01.030-08:00A Few Recent Pictures<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="218" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="http://www.flickr.com/photos/111798824@N07/11442627724/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="282"></iframe> <iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="218" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="http://www.flickr.com/photos/111798824@N07/11446005616/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="282"></iframe>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="438" mozallowfullscreen="" msallowfullscreen="" oallowfullscreen="" src="http://www.flickr.com/photos/111798824@N07/11442706616/player/" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="568"></iframe>
Mountainunicyclerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14299640844884193323noreply@blogger.com0